Bobby Sanabria is a 7-time Grammy-nominee as a leader. He is a noted drummer, percussionist, composer, arranger, conductor, producer, educator, documentary film maker, and bandleader of Puerto Rican descent born and raised in NY’s South Bronx. He was the drummer for the acknowledged creator of Afro-Cuban jazz, Mario Bauzá touring and recording three CD’s with him, two of which were Grammy nominated, as well as an incredible variety of artists. From Dizzy Gillespie, Tito Puente, Mongo Santamaria (with whom he started his career) Paquito D’Rivera, Yomo Toro, Candido, The Mills Brothers, Ray Barretto, Chico O’Farrill, Francisco Aguabella, Henry Threadgill, Luis “Perico” Ortiz, Daniel Ponce, Larry Harlow, Daniel Santos, Celia Cruz, Adalberto Santiago, Xiomara Portuondo, Pedrito Martinez, Roswell Rudd, Patato, David Amram, the Cleveland Jazz Orchestra, Michael Gibbs, Charles McPherson Jon Faddis, Bob Mintzer, Phil Wilson, Randy Brecker, Charles Tolliver, M’BOOM, Michelle Shocked, Marco Rizo, and many more. In addition he has guest conducted and performed as a soloist with numerous orchestras like the WDR Big Band, The Airmen of Note, The U.S. Jazz Ambassadors, Eau Claire University Big, The University of Calgary Big Band to name just a few.
His first big band recording, Live & in Clave!!! was nominated for a Grammy in 2001. A Grammy nomination followed in 2003 for 50 Years of Mambo: A Tribute to Perez Prado. His 2008 Grammy nominated Big Band Urban Folktales was the first Latin jazz recording to ever reach #1 on the national Jazz Week charts. In 2009 the Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra he directs at the Manhattan School of Music was nominated for a Latin Grammy for Kenya Revisited Live!!!, a reworking of the music from Machito’s greatest album, Kenya. In 2011 the recording Tito Puente Masterworks Live!!! by the same orchestra under Bobby’s direction was nominated for a Latin Jazz Grammy. Partial proceeds from the sale of both CD’s continue to support the scholarship program in the Manhattan School of Music’s jazz program. Bobby’s 2012 big band recording, inspired by the writings of Mexican author Octavio Paz, entitled MULTIVERSE was nominated for 2 Grammys. His work as an activist led him to fight to reinstate the Latin Jazz category after NARAS decided to eliminate many ethnic and regional categories in 2010. He and three other colleagues actually sued the Grammys which led to the reinstatement of the category. He is an associate producer of and featured interviewee in the documentaries, The Palladium: Where Mambo Was King, winner of the IMAGINE award for Best TV documentary of 2003, and the Alma Award winning From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale where he also composed the score in 2006 and was broadcast on PBS. In 2009 he was a consultant and featured on screen personality in Latin Music U.S.A. also broadcast on PBS. In 2017 he was also a consultant and featured on air personality for the documentary We Like It Like That: The Story of Latin Boogaloo. He is the composer for the score of the 2017 documentary Some Girls. DRUM! Magazine named him Percussionist of the Year in 2005; he was also named 2011 and 2013 Percussionist of the Year by the Jazz Journalists Association. This South Bronx native of Puerto Rican parents was a 2006 inductee into the Bronx Walk of Fame. He holds a BM from the Berklee College of Music and is on the faculty of the New School University and the Manhattan School of Music where he has taught Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestras passing on the tradition while moving it forward. His recording with the Manhattan School of Music Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra entitled “Que Viva Harlem!” released in 2014 on the Jazzheads label has received ****1/2 stars in Downbeat magazine.
Mr. Sanabria has conducted hundreds of clinics in the states and worldwide under the auspices of TAMA Drums, Sabian Cymbals, Remo Drumheads, Vic Firth Sticks and Latin Percussion Inc. His background having performed and recorded as both a drummer and/or percussionist with every major figure in the history of Latin jazz, as well as his encyclopedic knowledge of both jazz and Latin music history, makes him unique in his field. His critically acclaimed video instructional series, Conga Basics Volumes 1, 2 and 3, have been the highest selling videos in the history of video instruction and have set a standard worldwide. He is the Co-Artistic Director of the Bronx Music Heritage Center and is part of Jazz at Lincoln Center’s Jazz Academy as well as The Weill Music Institute at Carnegie Hall. His latest recording released in July 2018 is a monumental Latin jazz reworking of the entire score of West Side Story entitled, West Side Story Reimagined, on the Jazzheads label in celebration of the shows recent 60th anniversary (2017) and its composer, Maestro Leonard Bernstein’s centennial (2018). Partial proceeds from the sale of this historic double CD set go the Jazz Foundation of America’s Puerto Relief Fund to aid Bobby’s ancestral homeland after the devastation form hurricanes Irma and Maria.
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# Module 'ntpath' -- common operations on WinNT/Win95 pathnames
"""Common pathname manipulations, WindowsNT/95 version.
Instead of importing this module directly, import os and refer to this
module as os.path.
"""
# strings representing various path-related bits and pieces
# These are primarily for export; internally, they are hardcoded.
# Should be set before imports for resolving cyclic dependency.
curdir = '.'
pardir = '..'
extsep = '.'
sep = '\\'
pathsep = ';'
altsep = '/'
defpath = '.;C:\\bin'
devnull = 'nul'
import os
import sys
import stat
import genericpath
from genericpath import *
__all__ = ["normcase","isabs","join","splitdrive","splitroot","split","splitext",
"basename","dirname","commonprefix","getsize","getmtime",
"getatime","getctime", "islink","exists","lexists","isdir","isfile",
"ismount", "expanduser","expandvars","normpath","abspath",
"curdir","pardir","sep","pathsep","defpath","altsep",
"extsep","devnull","realpath","supports_unicode_filenames","relpath",
"samefile", "sameopenfile", "samestat", "commonpath", "isjunction",
"ALLOW_MISSING"]
def _get_bothseps(path):
if isinstance(path, bytes):
return b'\\/'
else:
return '\\/'
# Normalize the case of a pathname and map slashes to backslashes.
# Other normalizations (such as optimizing '../' away) are not done
# (this is done by normpath).
try:
from _winapi import (
LCMapStringEx as _LCMapStringEx,
LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT as _LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT,
LCMAP_LOWERCASE as _LCMAP_LOWERCASE)
def normcase(s):
"""Normalize case of pathname.
Makes all characters lowercase and all slashes into backslashes.
"""
s = os.fspath(s)
if not s:
return s
if isinstance(s, bytes):
encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
s = s.decode(encoding, 'surrogateescape').replace('/', '\\')
s = _LCMapStringEx(_LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT,
_LCMAP_LOWERCASE, s)
return s.encode(encoding, 'surrogateescape')
else:
return _LCMapStringEx(_LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT,
_LCMAP_LOWERCASE,
s.replace('/', '\\'))
except ImportError:
def normcase(s):
"""Normalize case of pathname.
Makes all characters lowercase and all slashes into backslashes.
"""
s = os.fspath(s)
if isinstance(s, bytes):
return os.fsencode(os.fsdecode(s).replace('/', '\\').lower())
return s.replace('/', '\\').lower()
# Return whether a path is absolute.
# Trivial in Posix, harder on Windows.
# For Windows it is absolute if it starts with a slash or backslash (current
# volume), or if a pathname after the volume-letter-and-colon or UNC-resource
# starts with a slash or backslash.
def isabs(s):
"""Test whether a path is absolute"""
s = os.fspath(s)
if isinstance(s, bytes):
sep = b'\\'
altsep = b'/'
colon_sep = b':\\'
else:
sep = '\\'
altsep = '/'
colon_sep = ':\\'
s = s[:3].replace(altsep, sep)
# Absolute: UNC, device, and paths with a drive and root.
# LEGACY BUG: isabs("/x") should be false since the path has no drive.
if s.startswith(sep) or s.startswith(colon_sep, 1):
return True
return False
# Join two (or more) paths.
def join(path, *paths):
path = os.fspath(path)
if isinstance(path, bytes):
sep = b'\\'
seps = b'\\/'
colon = b':'
else:
sep = '\\'
seps = '\\/'
colon = ':'
try:
if not paths:
path[:0] + sep #23780: Ensure compatible data type even if p is null.
result_drive, result_root, result_path = splitroot(path)
for p in map(os.fspath, paths):
p_drive, p_root, p_path = splitroot(p)
if p_root:
# Second path is absolute
if p_drive or not result_drive:
result_drive = p_drive
result_root = p_root
result_path = p_path
continue
elif p_drive and p_drive != result_drive:
if p_drive.lower() != result_drive.lower():
# Different drives => ignore the first path entirely
result_drive = p_drive
result_root = p_root
result_path = p_path
continue
# Same drive in different case
result_drive = p_drive
# Second path is relative to the first
if result_path and result_path[-1] not in seps:
result_path = result_path + sep
result_path = result_path + p_path
## add separator between UNC and non-absolute path
if (result_path and not result_root and
result_drive and result_drive[-1:] not in colon + seps):
return result_drive + sep + result_path
return result_drive + result_root + result_path
except (TypeError, AttributeError, BytesWarning):
genericpath._check_arg_types('join', path, *paths)
raise
# Split a path in a drive specification (a drive letter followed by a
# colon) and the path specification.
# It is always true that drivespec + pathspec == p
def splitdrive(p):
"""Split a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path specifiers.
Returns a 2-tuple (drive_or_unc, path); either part may be empty.
If you assign
result = splitdrive(p)
It is always true that:
result[0] + result[1] == p
If the path contained a drive letter, drive_or_unc will contain everything
up to and including the colon. e.g. splitdrive("c:/dir") returns ("c:", "/dir")
If the path contained a UNC path, the drive_or_unc will contain the host name
and share up to but not including the fourth directory separator character.
e.g. splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") returns ("//host/computer", "/dir")
Paths cannot contain both a drive letter and a UNC path.
"""
drive, root, tail = splitroot(p)
return drive, root + tail
def splitroot(p):
"""Split a pathname into drive, root and tail. The drive is defined
exactly as in splitdrive(). On Windows, the root may be a single path
separator or an empty string. The tail contains anything after the root.
For example:
splitroot('//server/share/') == ('//server/share', '/', '')
splitroot('C:/Users/Barney') == ('C:', '/', 'Users/Barney')
splitroot('C:///spam///ham') == ('C:', '/', '//spam///ham')
splitroot('Windows/notepad') == ('', '', 'Windows/notepad')
"""
p = os.fspath(p)
if isinstance(p, bytes):
sep = b'\\'
altsep = b'/'
colon = b':'
unc_prefix = b'\\\\?\\UNC\\'
empty = b''
else:
sep = '\\'
altsep = '/'
colon = ':'
unc_prefix = '\\\\?\\UNC\\'
empty = ''
normp = p.replace(altsep, sep)
if normp[:1] == sep:
if normp[1:2] == sep:
# UNC drives, e.g. \\server\share or \\?\UNC\server\share
# Device drives, e.g. \\.\device or \\?\device
start = 8 if normp[:8].upper() == unc_prefix else 2
index = normp.find(sep, start)
if index == -1:
return p, empty, empty
index2 = normp.find(sep, index + 1)
if index2 == -1:
return p, empty, empty
return p[:index2], p[index2:index2 + 1], p[index2 + 1:]
else:
# Relative path with root, e.g. \Windows
return empty, p[:1], p[1:]
elif normp[1:2] == colon:
if normp[2:3] == sep:
# Absolute drive-letter path, e.g. X:\Windows
return p[:2], p[2:3], p[3:]
else:
# Relative path with drive, e.g. X:Windows
return p[:2], empty, p[2:]
else:
# Relative path, e.g. Windows
return empty, empty, p
# Split a path in head (everything up to the last '/') and tail (the
# rest). After the trailing '/' is stripped, the invariant
# join(head, tail) == p holds.
# The resulting head won't end in '/' unless it is the root.
def split(p):
"""Split a pathname.
Return tuple (head, tail) where tail is everything after the final slash.
Either part may be empty."""
p = os.fspath(p)
seps = _get_bothseps(p)
d, r, p = splitroot(p)
# set i to index beyond p's last slash
i = len(p)
while i and p[i-1] not in seps:
i -= 1
head, tail = p[:i], p[i:] # now tail has no slashes
return d + r + head.rstrip(seps), tail
# Split a path in root and extension.
# The extension is everything starting at the last dot in the last
# pathname component; the root is everything before that.
# It is always true that root + ext == p.
def splitext(p):
p = os.fspath(p)
if isinstance(p, bytes):
return genericpath._splitext(p, b'\\', b'/', b'.')
else:
return genericpath._splitext(p, '\\', '/', '.')
splitext.__doc__ = genericpath._splitext.__doc__
# Return the tail (basename) part of a path.
def basename(p):
"""Returns the final component of a pathname"""
return split(p)[1]
# Return the head (dirname) part of a path.
def dirname(p):
"""Returns the directory component of a pathname"""
return split(p)[0]
# Is a path a junction?
if hasattr(os.stat_result, 'st_reparse_tag'):
def isjunction(path):
"""Test whether a path is a junction"""
try:
st = os.lstat(path)
except (OSError, ValueError, AttributeError):
return False
return bool(st.st_reparse_tag == stat.IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT)
else:
def isjunction(path):
"""Test whether a path is a junction"""
os.fspath(path)
return False
# Being true for dangling symbolic links is also useful.
def lexists(path):
"""Test whether a path exists. Returns True for broken symbolic links"""
try:
st = os.lstat(path)
except (OSError, ValueError):
return False
return True
# Is a path a mount point?
# Any drive letter root (eg c:\)
# Any share UNC (eg \\server\share)
# Any volume mounted on a filesystem folder
#
# No one method detects all three situations. Historically we've lexically
# detected drive letter roots and share UNCs. The canonical approach to
# detecting mounted volumes (querying the reparse tag) fails for the most
# common case: drive letter roots. The alternative which uses GetVolumePathName
# fails if the drive letter is the result of a SUBST.
try:
from nt import _getvolumepathname
except ImportError:
_getvolumepathname = None
def ismount(path):
"""Test whether a path is a mount point (a drive root, the root of a
share, or a mounted volume)"""
path = os.fspath(path)
seps = _get_bothseps(path)
path = abspath(path)
drive, root, rest = splitroot(path)
if drive and drive[0] in seps:
return not rest
if root and not rest:
return True
if _getvolumepathname:
x = path.rstrip(seps)
y =_getvolumepathname(path).rstrip(seps)
return x.casefold() == y.casefold()
else:
return False
# Expand paths beginning with '~' or '~user'.
# '~' means $HOME; '~user' means that user's home directory.
# If the path doesn't begin with '~', or if the user or $HOME is unknown,
# the path is returned unchanged (leaving error reporting to whatever
# function is called with the expanded path as argument).
# See also module 'glob' for expansion of *, ? and [...] in pathnames.
# (A function should also be defined to do full *sh-style environment
# variable expansion.)
def expanduser(path):
"""Expand ~ and ~user constructs.
If user or $HOME is unknown, do nothing."""
path = os.fspath(path)
if isinstance(path, bytes):
tilde = b'~'
else:
tilde = '~'
if not path.startswith(tilde):
return path
i, n = 1, len(path)
while i < n and path[i] not in _get_bothseps(path):
i += 1
if 'USERPROFILE' in os.environ:
userhome = os.environ['USERPROFILE']
elif not 'HOMEPATH' in os.environ:
return path
else:
try:
drive = os.environ['HOMEDRIVE']
except KeyError:
drive = ''
userhome = join(drive, os.environ['HOMEPATH'])
if i != 1: #~user
target_user = path[1:i]
if isinstance(target_user, bytes):
target_user = os.fsdecode(target_user)
current_user = os.environ.get('USERNAME')
if target_user != current_user:
# Try to guess user home directory. By default all user
# profile directories are located in the same place and are
# named by corresponding usernames. If userhome isn't a
# normal profile directory, this guess is likely wrong,
# so we bail out.
if current_user != basename(userhome):
return path
userhome = join(dirname(userhome), target_user)
if isinstance(path, bytes):
userhome = os.fsencode(userhome)
return userhome + path[i:]
# Expand paths containing shell variable substitutions.
# The following rules apply:
# - no expansion within single quotes
# - '$$' is translated into '$'
# - '%%' is translated into '%' if '%%' are not seen in %var1%%var2%
# - ${varname} is accepted.
# - $varname is accepted.
# - %varname% is accepted.
# - varnames can be made out of letters, digits and the characters '_-'
# (though is not verified in the ${varname} and %varname% cases)
# XXX With COMMAND.COM you can use any characters in a variable name,
# XXX except '^|<>='.
def expandvars(path):
"""Expand shell variables of the forms $var, ${var} and %var%.
Unknown variables are left unchanged."""
path = os.fspath(path)
if isinstance(path, bytes):
if b'$' not in path and b'%' not in path:
return path
import string
varchars = bytes(string.ascii_letters + string.digits + '_-', 'ascii')
quote = b'\''
percent = b'%'
brace = b'{'
rbrace = b'}'
dollar = b'$'
environ = getattr(os, 'environb', None)
else:
if '$' not in path and '%' not in path:
return path
import string
varchars = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + '_-'
quote = '\''
percent = '%'
brace = '{'
rbrace = '}'
dollar = '$'
environ = os.environ
res = path[:0]
index = 0
pathlen = len(path)
while index < pathlen:
c = path[index:index+1]
if c == quote: # no expansion within single quotes
path = path[index + 1:]
pathlen = len(path)
try:
index = path.index(c)
res += c + path[:index + 1]
except ValueError:
res += c + path
index = pathlen - 1
elif c == percent: # variable or '%'
if path[index + 1:index + 2] == percent:
res += c
index += 1
else:
path = path[index+1:]
pathlen = len(path)
try:
index = path.index(percent)
except ValueError:
res += percent + path
index = pathlen - 1
else:
var = path[:index]
try:
if environ is None:
value = os.fsencode(os.environ[os.fsdecode(var)])
else:
value = environ[var]
except KeyError:
value = percent + var + percent
res += value
elif c == dollar: # variable or '$$'
if path[index + 1:index + 2] == dollar:
res += c
index += 1
elif path[index + 1:index + 2] == brace:
path = path[index+2:]
pathlen = len(path)
try:
index = path.index(rbrace)
except ValueError:
res += dollar + brace + path
index = pathlen - 1
else:
var = path[:index]
try:
if environ is None:
value = os.fsencode(os.environ[os.fsdecode(var)])
else:
value = environ[var]
except KeyError:
value = dollar + brace + var + rbrace
res += value
else:
var = path[:0]
index += 1
c = path[index:index + 1]
while c and c in varchars:
var += c
index += 1
c = path[index:index + 1]
try:
if environ is None:
value = os.fsencode(os.environ[os.fsdecode(var)])
else:
value = environ[var]
except KeyError:
value = dollar + var
res += value
if c:
index -= 1
else:
res += c
index += 1
return res
# Normalize a path, e.g. A//B, A/./B and A/foo/../B all become A\B.
# Previously, this function also truncated pathnames to 8+3 format,
# but as this module is called "ntpath", that's obviously wrong!
try:
from nt import _path_normpath as normpath
except ImportError:
def normpath(path):
"""Normalize path, eliminating double slashes, etc."""
path = os.fspath(path)
if isinstance(path, bytes):
sep = b'\\'
altsep = b'/'
curdir = b'.'
pardir = b'..'
else:
sep = '\\'
altsep = '/'
curdir = '.'
pardir = '..'
path = path.replace(altsep, sep)
drive, root, path = splitroot(path)
prefix = drive + root
comps = path.split(sep)
i = 0
while i < len(comps):
if not comps[i] or comps[i] == curdir:
del comps[i]
elif comps[i] == pardir:
if i > 0 and comps[i-1] != pardir:
del comps[i-1:i+1]
i -= 1
elif i == 0 and root:
del comps[i]
else:
i += 1
else:
i += 1
# If the path is now empty, substitute '.'
if not prefix and not comps:
comps.append(curdir)
return prefix + sep.join(comps)
# Return an absolute path.
try:
from nt import _getfullpathname
except ImportError: # not running on Windows - mock up something sensible
def abspath(path):
"""Return the absolute version of a path."""
path = os.fspath(path)
if not isabs(path):
if isinstance(path, bytes):
cwd = os.getcwdb()
else:
cwd = os.getcwd()
path = join(cwd, path)
return normpath(path)
else: # use native Windows method on Windows
def abspath(path):
"""Return the absolute version of a path."""
try:
return _getfullpathname(normpath(path))
except (OSError, ValueError):
# See gh-75230, handle outside for cleaner traceback
pass
path = os.fspath(path)
if not isabs(path):
if isinstance(path, bytes):
sep = b'\\'
getcwd = os.getcwdb
else:
sep = '\\'
getcwd = os.getcwd
drive, root, path = splitroot(path)
# Either drive or root can be nonempty, but not both.
if drive or root:
try:
path = join(_getfullpathname(drive + root), path)
except (OSError, ValueError):
# Drive "\0:" cannot exist; use the root directory.
path = drive + sep + path
else:
path = join(getcwd(), path)
return normpath(path)
try:
from nt import _getfinalpathname, readlink as _nt_readlink
except ImportError:
# realpath is a no-op on systems without _getfinalpathname support.
def realpath(path, *, strict=False):
return abspath(path)
else:
def _readlink_deep(path, ignored_error=OSError):
# These error codes indicate that we should stop reading links and
# return the path we currently have.
# 1: ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION
# 2: ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
# 3: ERROR_DIRECTORY_NOT_FOUND
# 5: ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED
# 21: ERROR_NOT_READY (implies drive with no media)
# 32: ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION (probably an NTFS paging file)
# 50: ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED (implies no support for reparse points)
# 67: ERROR_BAD_NET_NAME (implies remote server unavailable)
# 87: ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER
# 4390: ERROR_NOT_A_REPARSE_POINT
# 4392: ERROR_INVALID_REPARSE_DATA
# 4393: ERROR_REPARSE_TAG_INVALID
allowed_winerror = 1, 2, 3, 5, 21, 32, 50, 67, 87, 4390, 4392, 4393
seen = set()
while normcase(path) not in seen:
seen.add(normcase(path))
try:
old_path = path
path = _nt_readlink(path)
# Links may be relative, so resolve them against their
# own location
if not isabs(path):
# If it's something other than a symlink, we don't know
# what it's actually going to be resolved against, so
# just return the old path.
if not islink(old_path):
path = old_path
break
path = normpath(join(dirname(old_path), path))
except ignored_error as ex:
if ex.winerror in allowed_winerror:
break
raise
except ValueError:
# Stop on reparse points that are not symlinks
break
return path
def _getfinalpathname_nonstrict(path, ignored_error=OSError):
# These error codes indicate that we should stop resolving the path
# and return the value we currently have.
# 1: ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION
# 2: ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
# 3: ERROR_DIRECTORY_NOT_FOUND
# 5: ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED
# 21: ERROR_NOT_READY (implies drive with no media)
# 32: ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION (probably an NTFS paging file)
# 50: ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED
# 53: ERROR_BAD_NETPATH
# 65: ERROR_NETWORK_ACCESS_DENIED
# 67: ERROR_BAD_NET_NAME (implies remote server unavailable)
# 87: ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER
# 123: ERROR_INVALID_NAME
# 161: ERROR_BAD_PATHNAME
# 1920: ERROR_CANT_ACCESS_FILE
# 1921: ERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME (implies unfollowable symlink)
allowed_winerror = 1, 2, 3, 5, 21, 32, 50, 53, 65, 67, 87, 123, 161, 1920, 1921
# Non-strict algorithm is to find as much of the target directory
# as we can and join the rest.
tail = path[:0]
while path:
try:
path = _getfinalpathname(path)
return join(path, tail) if tail else path
except ignored_error as ex:
if ex.winerror not in allowed_winerror:
raise
try:
# The OS could not resolve this path fully, so we attempt
# to follow the link ourselves. If we succeed, join the tail
# and return.
new_path = _readlink_deep(path,
ignored_error=ignored_error)
if new_path != path:
return join(new_path, tail) if tail else new_path
except ignored_error:
# If we fail to readlink(), let's keep traversing
pass
path, name = split(path)
# TODO (bpo-38186): Request the real file name from the directory
# entry using FindFirstFileW. For now, we will return the path
# as best we have it
if path and not name:
return path + tail
tail = join(name, tail) if tail else name
return tail
def realpath(path, *, strict=False):
path = normpath(path)
if isinstance(path, bytes):
prefix = b'\\\\?\\'
unc_prefix = b'\\\\?\\UNC\\'
new_unc_prefix = b'\\\\'
cwd = os.getcwdb()
# bpo-38081: Special case for realpath(b'nul')
if normcase(path) == normcase(os.fsencode(devnull)):
return b'\\\\.\\NUL'
else:
prefix = '\\\\?\\'
unc_prefix = '\\\\?\\UNC\\'
new_unc_prefix = '\\\\'
cwd = os.getcwd()
# bpo-38081: Special case for realpath('nul')
if normcase(path) == normcase(devnull):
return '\\\\.\\NUL'
had_prefix = path.startswith(prefix)
if strict is ALLOW_MISSING:
ignored_error = FileNotFoundError
strict = True
elif strict:
ignored_error = ()
else:
ignored_error = OSError
if not had_prefix and not isabs(path):
path = join(cwd, path)
try:
path = _getfinalpathname(path)
initial_winerror = 0
except ValueError as ex:
# gh-106242: Raised for embedded null characters
# In strict modes, we convert into an OSError.
# Non-strict mode returns the path as-is, since we've already
# made it absolute.
if strict:
raise OSError(str(ex)) from None
path = normpath(path)
except ignored_error as ex:
initial_winerror = ex.winerror
path = _getfinalpathname_nonstrict(path,
ignored_error=ignored_error)
# The path returned by _getfinalpathname will always start with \\?\ -
# strip off that prefix unless it was already provided on the original
# path.
if not had_prefix and path.startswith(prefix):
# For UNC paths, the prefix will actually be \\?\UNC\
# Handle that case as well.
if path.startswith(unc_prefix):
spath = new_unc_prefix + path[len(unc_prefix):]
else:
spath = path[len(prefix):]
# Ensure that the non-prefixed path resolves to the same path
try:
if _getfinalpathname(spath) == path:
path = spath
except ValueError as ex:
# Unexpected, as an invalid path should not have gained a prefix
# at any point, but we ignore this error just in case.
pass
except OSError as ex:
# If the path does not exist and originally did not exist, then
# strip the prefix anyway.
if ex.winerror == initial_winerror:
path = spath
return path
# All supported version have Unicode filename support.
supports_unicode_filenames = True
def relpath(path, start=None):
"""Return a relative version of a path"""
path = os.fspath(path)
if isinstance(path, bytes):
sep = b'\\'
curdir = b'.'
pardir = b'..'
else:
sep = '\\'
curdir = '.'
pardir = '..'
if start is None:
start = curdir
if not path:
raise ValueError("no path specified")
start = os.fspath(start)
try:
start_abs = abspath(normpath(start))
path_abs = abspath(normpath(path))
start_drive, _, start_rest = splitroot(start_abs)
path_drive, _, path_rest = splitroot(path_abs)
if normcase(start_drive) != normcase(path_drive):
raise ValueError("path is on mount %r, start on mount %r" % (
path_drive, start_drive))
start_list = [x for x in start_rest.split(sep) if x]
path_list = [x for x in path_rest.split(sep) if x]
# Work out how much of the filepath is shared by start and path.
i = 0
for e1, e2 in zip(start_list, path_list):
if normcase(e1) != normcase(e2):
break
i += 1
rel_list = [pardir] * (len(start_list)-i) + path_list[i:]
if not rel_list:
return curdir
return join(*rel_list)
except (TypeError, ValueError, AttributeError, BytesWarning, DeprecationWarning):
genericpath._check_arg_types('relpath', path, start)
raise
# Return the longest common sub-path of the sequence of paths given as input.
# The function is case-insensitive and 'separator-insensitive', i.e. if the
# only difference between two paths is the use of '\' versus '/' as separator,
# they are deemed to be equal.
#
# However, the returned path will have the standard '\' separator (even if the
# given paths had the alternative '/' separator) and will have the case of the
# first path given in the sequence. Additionally, any trailing separator is
# stripped from the returned path.
def commonpath(paths):
"""Given a sequence of path names, returns the longest common sub-path."""
if not paths:
raise ValueError('commonpath() arg is an empty sequence')
paths = tuple(map(os.fspath, paths))
if isinstance(paths[0], bytes):
sep = b'\\'
altsep = b'/'
curdir = b'.'
else:
sep = '\\'
altsep = '/'
curdir = '.'
try:
drivesplits = [splitroot(p.replace(altsep, sep).lower()) for p in paths]
split_paths = [p.split(sep) for d, r, p in drivesplits]
if len({r for d, r, p in drivesplits}) != 1:
raise ValueError("Can't mix absolute and relative paths")
# Check that all drive letters or UNC paths match. The check is made only
# now otherwise type errors for mixing strings and bytes would not be
# caught.
if len({d for d, r, p in drivesplits}) != 1:
raise ValueError("Paths don't have the same drive")
drive, root, path = splitroot(paths[0].replace(altsep, sep))
common = path.split(sep)
common = [c for c in common if c and c != curdir]
split_paths = [[c for c in s if c and c != curdir] for s in split_paths]
s1 = min(split_paths)
s2 = max(split_paths)
for i, c in enumerate(s1):
if c != s2[i]:
common = common[:i]
break
else:
common = common[:len(s1)]
return drive + root + sep.join(common)
except (TypeError, AttributeError):
genericpath._check_arg_types('commonpath', *paths)
raise
try:
# The isdir(), isfile(), islink() and exists() implementations in
# genericpath use os.stat(). This is overkill on Windows. Use simpler
# builtin functions if they are available.
from nt import _path_isdir as isdir
from nt import _path_isfile as isfile
from nt import _path_islink as islink
from nt import _path_exists as exists
except ImportError:
# Use genericpath.* as imported above
pass
try:
from nt import _path_isdevdrive
except ImportError:
def isdevdrive(path):
"""Determines whether the specified path is on a Windows Dev Drive."""
# Never a Dev Drive
return False
else:
def isdevdrive(path):
"""Determines whether the specified path is on a Windows Dev Drive."""
try:
return _path_isdevdrive(abspath(path))
except OSError:
return False